Which of the following describes something considered essential for survival?

The term that best describes something considered essential for survival is "need." A need refers to a fundamental requirement that is necessary for an individual to survive and function properly. Basic human needs include food, water, shelter, and safety. Without these essentials, individuals cannot maintain their health or well-being.

In contrast, other options refer to concepts that do not meet the criteria for survival. A want pertains to something that is desired but not necessary for survival, such as luxury items and services. Desire is similar to a want, representing a strong feeling of wanting something but is not essential. Preference indicates a choice or inclination toward one option over another, reflecting personal tastes rather than survival requirements. Thus, "need" is the most appropriate term when discussing essentials for survival.