What economic term refers to the reduction of prices and costs during economic hardship?

The term that refers to the reduction of prices and costs during economic hardship is deflation. Deflation occurs when the general level of prices for goods and services falls, leading to an increase in the purchasing power of money. This phenomenon often arises during periods of economic downturns, where decreased consumer demand forces businesses to lower prices in an attempt to encourage spending and stimulate the economy.

Understanding deflation is crucial as it impacts various aspects of economic activity, including consumer behavior, investment, and overall economic growth. In times of deflation, businesses may struggle with lower revenue, leading to cost-cutting measures, which can further exacerbate the economic situation if widespread.

The other terms provided do not relate to the context of price reductions during economic hardship. Defect detection pertains to identifying errors or flaws in manufacturing or services; demographic segmentation involves categorizing a market based on demographic factors; and deposits refer to sums of money placed into a bank account. Each of these terms represents different economic concepts that do not encompass the idea of falling prices associated with economic challenges.